how many people survived the 2004 tsunamihow many people survived the 2004 tsunami

[74] In Hambantota, run-ups measured 11m (36ft) with the greatest inundation distance of 2km (1.2mi). About 600 pilgrims died. The tsunami reached a run-up of 1020m (3366ft) on the western shorelines of Breueh Island and Nasi Island. I was shocked and worried since my son had gone to work in Khao Lak [on the mainland coast north of Phuket]. Preliminary estimates indicated that 66% of the fishing fleet and industrial infrastructure in coastal regions were destroyed by the wave surges. How many people survived the Japanese tsunami? - Answers The day that changed tsunami science. Germany was close behind with 539 identified victims. I noticed the temple ground covered in blood and lymph. We had no idea what happened, but my instinct told me to start the ship and head out to the middle of the sea. How many families survived the 2004 tsunami? - idswater.com How many people are still missing from tsunami 2004? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Based on scientific surveys from Ayeyarwaddy Delta through Taninthayi Division, it was revealed that tsunami heights along the Myanmar coast were between 0.42.9m (1ft 4in 9ft 6in). At 10:00, I started to hear local food sellers, they were pointing to the beach. Governments and non-governmental organizations feared that the final death toll might double as a result of diseases, prompting a massive humanitarian response. The Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 lasted for seven hours and reached out across the Indian Ocean, devastating coastal areas of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Maldives, and Thailand, and as far away as East Africa. The deadliest-known earthquake in history occurred in 1556 in Shaanxi, China, with an estimated death toll of 830,000, though figures from this period may not be as reliable. We decided to head toward Phi Phi island as it wasn't too far and they had been badly hit. How many people died in the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004? Due to close proximity to the earthquake, the tsunami took just minutes to devastate the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Tsunami survey in Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands. 2), Can bowel problems cause urinary problems? In Yemen, the tsunami killed two people with a maximum runup of 2m (6.6ft). [125], The Colombo-based International Water Management Institute monitored the effects of saltwater and concluded that the wells recovered to pre-tsunami drinking water quality one-and-a-half years after the event. There were no tsunami warning systems in the Indian Ocean to detect tsunamis or to warn the general population living around the ocean. My son's three friends told me he was missing. The sudden vertical rise of the seabed by several metres during the earthquake displaced massive volumes of water, resulting in a tsunami that struck the coasts of the Indian Ocean. Where did the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami occur? [15] The plight of the affected people and countries prompted a worldwide humanitarian response, with donations totalling more than US$14 billion. Earthquake and subsequent tsunami in the Indian Ocean, Campbell, Matthew; Loveard, Keith; et al. [164], In the days following the tsunami, significant effort was spent in burying bodies hurriedly due to fear of disease spreading. Thailand was struck about two hours later despite being closer to the epicentre because the tsunami travelled more slowly in the shallow Andaman Sea off its western coast. The tsunami that struck Indonesia in 2004 obliterated vast areas of Aceh province. [152], In a poll conducted in 27 countries, 15% of respondents named the tsunami the most significant event of the year. Indonesia was the worst-hit country, with more than 120,000 dead. A regular passenger train operating between Maradana and Matara was derailed and overturned by the tsunami and claimed at least 1,700 lives, the largest single rail disaster death toll in history. Measurements from these satellites may prove invaluable for the understanding of the earthquake and tsunami. ", "Poster of the Northern Sumatra Earthquake of 28 March 2005 Magnitude 8.7", "Magnitude 9.1 Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake FAQ", "Thousands flee as Indonesian volcano spews into life", "Volcano erupts on same Indonesian island as earlier quake", "NASA Details Earthquake Effects on the Earth", "Italian scientists say Asian quakes cause Earth's axis shifted", "Asian tsunami seabed pictured with sonar", "NASA/French Satellite Data Reveal New Details of Tsunami", "TOPEX/Poseidon Satellite Data on 26 December 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean", "NOAA Scientists able to Measure Tsunami Height from Space", National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "Radar satellites capture tsunami wave height", "Tsunami: The impact will last for decades", "Time travel map: Active Fault Research Center: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan", "Indian Ocean Tsunami" at Syowa Station, Antarctica", "Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26 December 2004", "Tsunami Waves Channeled Around the Globe in 2004 Disaster", "Sri Lankans Seek Lost Relatives After Tsunami", Tsunami disaster: Focus: Nature's timebomb, "Girl, 10, used geography lesson to save lives", "Field Survey northern Sumatra and Banda Aceh, Indonesia and after the Tsunami and Earthquake of 26 December 2004", "Chapter 2 Earthquake, Tsunami and Damage in Banda Aceh and Northern Sumatra", "Northern Sumatra Field Survey after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami", "Seconds From Disaster S03E13 Asian Tsunami", "Great Tsunami 12-26-04 at Banda Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia 3 of 3", "Report on December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami, Field Survey on Jan 2131 at North of Sumatra", "Tsunami Wave Run-ups: Indian Ocean 2004", "Survey of the December 26th 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Sri Lanka", "Observations by the International Tsunami Survey Team in Sri Lanka", "Chapter 4: Field Survey and Numerical Simulation on the 2004 Off-Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami in Thailand", "The 2004 Indian tsunami in Thailand: Surveyed runup heights and tide gauge records", "Zoltn Grossman Member of the Faculty in Geography & Native Studies", "Effects of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on the Indian Mainland", "Damage to Andaman & Nicobar Islands due to Earthquake and Tsunami of Dec. 26, 2004", "Quick Report on the Study of the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami Effects", "The Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami of December 26, 2004: The Effects in Mainland India and in the Andaman-Nicobar Islands", "Inundation of sea water in Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Tamil Nadu coast during 2004 Sumatra tsunami", "Tsunami heights and damage along the Myanmar coast from the December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake", "Somalia Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami", "International Tsunami Information Center - International Tsunami Information Center", "Field Surveys of 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami From Sumatra to East Africa", "Myanmar is withholding true casualties figures, says Thai priest", "Hundreds of thousands of people killed as tsunamis devastate large swathes of South and Southeast Asia, coming as far as South Africa | South African History Online", "A2/2004Y Aasian luonnonkatastrofi 26.12.2004", "One year after the tsunami, Sri Lankan survivors still live in squalour", "India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Somalia, Thailand: Earthquake and Tsunami OCHA Situation Report No. Boxing Day tsunami: Facts about the 2004 disaster The day that changed tsunami science | PBS NewsHour [60][61] Oral traditions developed from previous earthquakes helped the aboriginal tribes escape the tsunami. The earliest, lower amplitude signal is that of the compressional (P) wave, which takes about 22 minutes to reach the other side of the planet (the antipode; in this case near Ecuador). [155], The tsunami left both the people and government of India in a state of heightened alert. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Women in Aceh required a special approach from foreign aid agencies, and continue to have unique needs. [82] Velankanni a sea shore town with a Catholic Basilica and a popular pilgrimage destination was also one of the worst hit by this tsunami that struck at around 9.30 am on that Sunday, when pilgrims who were mostly from Kerala among others were inside the church attending the Malayalam Mass. Yossi Hasson arriving on the beaches of Thailand, a few days before the disaster. [171][172], In August 2006, fifteen local aid staff working on post-tsunami rebuilding were found executed in north-east Sri Lanka after heavy fighting between government troops and the Tamil Tiger rebels, the main umbrella body for aid agencies in the country said.[173]. Lang's brother survived, but Rubina Wong did not. I told my team: 'What a perfect day to be in the sea. On 26 December 2004, at 07:58:53 local time (UTC+7), a major earthquake with a magnitude of 9.19.3 Mw struck with an epicentre off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia. 250,000 people survived the 2004 Sumatra Tsunami. [36], The earthquake generated a seismic oscillation of the Earth's surface of up to 200300mm (812in), equivalent to the effect of the tidal forces caused by the Sun and Moon. The tsunami arrived approximately 2 hours after the earthquake. On 30 December 2004, four days after the tsunami, Terra Research notified the India government that its sensors indicated there was a possibility of 7.9 to 8.1 magnitude tectonic shift in the next 12 hours between Sumatra and New Zealand. Despite a delay of up to several hours between the earthquake and the impact of the tsunami, nearly all of the victims were taken by surprise. [64][65] Boats are safer from tsunami damage while in the deep ocean ( > 100 m) rather than moored in a harbor. On 28 September this year, he again found himself at the centre of a disaster this time in Palu. [169], In mid-March, the Asian Development Bank reported that over US$4 billion in aid promised by governments was behind schedule. She and her parents warned others on the beach, which was evacuated safely. Comparisons with earlier earthquakes are difficult, as earthquake strength only began to be measured systematically in the 1930s. Run up level up to 3.8m (12ft) have been measured.[86]. The tsunami and its aftermath were responsible for immense destruction and loss on the rim of the Indian Ocean. How I Survived the Tsunami, 10 Meters Underwater. [15] The earthquake (followed by the tsunami) was felt in Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka and the Maldives. The number of deaths currently stands at 68 with 5 people missing. What was the death toll in the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004? The highest-recorded tsunami run-up was measured 19.6m (64ft) at Ban Thung Dap, on the south-west tip of Ko Phra Thong Island and the second-highest at 15.8m (52ft) at Ban Nam Kim. Credit: Courtesy. 1958 Lituya Bay earthquake and megatsunamiTsunami / Biggest As we got on the ship, I saw houses and restaurants on Koh Racha Yai pulled down into the sea. Then I went back home, right behind the temple. VideoRussian minister laughed at for Ukraine war claims, The children left behind in Cuba's mass exodus, Xi Jinping's power grab - and why it matters, Snow, Fire and Lights: Photos of the Week. Sat 26 Mar 2005 07.50 EST. In fact, the largest tsunami wave ever recorded broke on a cool July night in 1958 and only claimed five lives. 12/22/14 AT 2:45 PM GMT. [72] In Sri Lanka, the civilian casualties were second only to those in Indonesia, with approximately 35,000 killed. The main concern of humanitarian and government agencies was to provide sanitation facilities and fresh drinking water to contain the spread of diseases such as cholera, diphtheria, dysentery, typhoid and hepatitis A and hepatitis B. In Campbell Bay of Great Nicobar Island, the tsunami waves hit the area three times with an inundation limit of 250500m (8201,640ft). It was the result of an earthquake off the coast of Sumatra that took around 230,000 lives across fourteen countries. [16], The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was initially documented as having a moment magnitude of 8.8. At that moment, everything was crazy. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The ground level was about 2 m above sea level, where there were many cottages and hotels. However, the huge demand has led to lower quality in the process, and some important materials were sacrificed to cut prices for those who were impoverished by the tsunami. Thus, the state of Kerala was hit by the tsunami despite being on the western coast of India, and the western coast of Sri Lanka suffered substantial impacts. All of a sudden, we lost the power and we felt the earthquake. Large tsunamis have occurred in the United States and will undoubtedly occur again. Video, Russian minister laughed at for Ukraine war claims, US-made cheese can be called 'gruyere' - court, AOC under investigation for Met Gala dress, The children left behind in Cuba's exodus, Saving Private Ryan actor Tom Sizemore dies at 61, Alex Murdaugh's legal troubles are far from over, Sonic boom heard as RAF Typhoon jets escort plane, Walkie Talkie architect Rafael Violy dies aged 78, Nelson's 97th-minute stunner gives Arsenal victory. Survival, at this point, is a matter of luck. Then I rolled back to sleep. Troy Broadbridge, 24, Australian Football League player (Melbourne). [25] However, historical earthquake strength can sometimes be estimated by examining historical descriptions of the damage caused, and the geological records of the areas where they occurred. Jpan survived the earthquake pretty well only they weren't ready for the massive 9.0 tsnami that followed Approximately 8,000 people were killed. The maximum runup height of almost 9m (30ft) was recorded in Bandarbeyla. The Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 lasted for seven hours and reached out across the Indian Ocean, devastating coastal areas of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Maldives, and Thailand, and as far away as East Africa. [57] On Maikhao Beach in north Phuket City, Thailand, a 10-year-old British tourist named Tilly Smith had studied tsunamis in geography at school and recognised the warning signs of the receding ocean and frothing bubbles. [82] Most of the people killed were members of the fishing community. The film is called The Impossible and is based on the account of Maria Belton, a survivor of the Boxing Day tsunami in 2004. [150] Saudi cleric Muhammad Al-Munajjid attributed it to divine retribution against non-Muslim vacationers "who used to sprawl all over the beaches and in pubs overflowing with wine" during Christmas break. 1.4. Just clear tips and lifehacks for every day. [70], The greatest run-up height of the tsunami was measured at a hill between Lhoknga and Leupung, on the western coast of the northern tip of Sumatra, near Banda Aceh, and reached 51m (167ft). [62], The tsunami devastated the coastline of Aceh province, about 20 minutes after the earthquake. [137], While the tsunami destroyed many of the boats vital to Sri Lanka's fishing industry, it also created a demand for fibreglass-reinforced plastic catamarans in the boatyards of Tamil Nadu. According to eyewitness accounts, the tsunami came from the north and south. [94], The tsunami also reached Malaysia, mainly on the northern states such as Kedah, Perak and Penang and on offshore islands such as Langkawi island. All I saw were dead bodies floating in the water. [125], In addition to other forms of aid,[127] the Australian government sent ecological experts to help develop strategies for reef-monitoring and rehabilitation of marine environments and coral reefs in the Maldives, Seychelles and other areas. It inundated five square miles of land and cleared hundreds of thousands of trees. Its over 1,700-foot wave was the largest ever recorded for a tsunami. The TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 satellites happened to pass over the tsunami as it was crossing the ocean. The tsunami stranded cargo ships, barges and destroyed a cement mining facility near the Lampuuk coast, where it reached the fourth level of the building. Tsunamis race across the deep ocean at jet . [58] John Chroston, a biology teacher from Scotland, also recognised the signs at Kamala Bay north of Phuket, taking a busload of vacationers and locals to safety on higher ground. [52], Some of the tsunami's energy escaped into the Pacific Ocean, where it produced small but measurable tsunamis along the western coasts of North and South America, typically around 200 to 400mm (7.9 to 15.7in). The tsunami travelled eastward through the Andaman Sea and hit the south-western coasts of Thailand, about 2 hours after the earthquake. This is the craziest video I've seen of the 2011 earthquake. the earthquake and subsequent tsunami had killed more than 220,000 people . The tsunami heights recorded:[76][77]. Tsunamis are giant waves that are produced when a large volume of water is displaced in an ocean or large lake by an earthquake, volcanic eruption, underwater landslide or meteorite. Samran Chanyang - master of ceremonies and mortician at Yan Yao temple. Waves nearly three stories high devastated the Indian Air Force base, located just south of Malacca. [46], The tsunami, like all others, behaved differently in deep water than in shallow water. PDF Tsunami Impact - Sri Lanka - NBRO [165], Nations all over the world provided over US$14 billion in aid for damaged regions,[166] with the governments of Australia pledging US$819.9 million (including a US$760.6 million aid package for Indonesia), Germany offering US$660 million, Japan offering US$500 million, Canada offering US$343 million, Norway and the Netherlands offering both US$183 million, the United States offering US$35 million initially (increased to US$350 million), and the World Bank offering US$250 million. [145], The 2004 earthquake and tsunami combined is the world's deadliest natural disaster since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. Such approaches to ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction appear to be most successful when local communities are closely involved as stakeholders throughout the process, and when careful attention is paid to the physical conditions of chosen sites to ensure that mangroves can thrive there. We were happy to help many people that day. However, tsunamis can strike thousands of kilometres away where the earthquake is felt only weakly or not at all. In the Maldives, 16 to 17 coral reef atolls that were overcome by sea waves are without fresh water and could be rendered uninhabitable for decades. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The northern rupture occurred more slowly than in the south, at about 2.1km/s (1.3mi/s; 7,600km/h; 4,700mph), continuing north for another five minutes to a plate boundary where the fault type changes from subduction to strike-slip (the two plates slide past one another in opposite directions). how many people survived the 2004 tsunami - novoprints.com Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The sea was observed to rise suddenly before the onset of the first wave. I went out with my other sons and friends to look for my eldest son. After the tsunami, there was some concern that the country might be submerged entirely and become uninhabitable. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was unusually large in geographical and geological extent. The tsunami arrived on the island as a small brown-orange-colored flood. The measured tsunami height was 4.6m (15ft) in the port. I got a request to go to a supermarket on the beach road where many people were trapped inside. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The ceremony ended just like any other day. The 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami was a result of an underwater earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Over the next seven hours, a tsunamia series of immense ocean wavestriggered by the quake reached out across the Indian Ocean, devastating coastal areas as far away as East Africa. Survivors walk through the debris on Phuket's Patong beach the day after the tsunami Shortly before 08:00 on 26 December 2004, a magnitude-9.1 earthquake struck under the sea in northern. The tsunami severely affected the Maldives at a distance of 2,500km (1,600mi) from the epicentre. According to official estimates in India, 10,749 people were killed, 5,640 people were missing and thousands of people became homeless when a tsunami triggered by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake near the Indonesian island of Sumatra struck the southern coast on 26 December 2004. More than 100 survivors of the tsunami along with bereaved relatives f All of a sudden, I felt the ship lift and swing to the left and to the right. As we tried to help more people in the supermarket, I heard from outside that another wave was coming. The only other recorded earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater were off Kamchatka, Russia, on 4 November 1952 (magnitude 9.0) and Thoku, Japan (magnitude 9.1) in March 2011. [29] As well as continuing aftershocks, the energy released by the original earthquake continued to make its presence felt well after the event. 26. On some locations, a coastal road was built which was higher than the shore, protecting a hotel which was behind it. For example, the folklore of the Onges talks of "huge shaking of ground followed by high wall of water". five family members [139], Countries in the region appealed to tourists to return, pointing out that most tourist infrastructure is undamaged. The maximum tsunami wave height of 11m (36ft). One such landslide consisted of a single block of rock some 100m (330ft) high and 2km (1.2mi) long. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The tsunami moved counter-clockwise around Phuket Island, as was the case at Okushiri Island in the 1993 Hokkaido earthquake. Answer:Foreigners from 38 nations were killed by the waves that struck southern Thailand. In 2004, a tsunami triggered by an earthquake off the Indonesian island of Sumatra killed 226,000 people across the Indian Ocean, including more than 120,000 in Indonesia. By the middle of the second day, I saw a mountain of dead bodies piling up and it was very sad to see. This is unusual since earthquakes of magnitude eight or more occur only about once per year on average. [168], According to USAID, the US has pledged additional funds in long-term U.S. support to help the tsunami victims rebuild their lives. "Environmental Issues Emerging from Wreckage of Asian Tsunami", "United Nations Environment Programme; Environment for Development", "Many mangrove restorations fail. Helicopter surveys showed entire settlements virtually destroyed with destruction within miles inland, and only some mosques left standing. Some 37,000 people are missing. In recent years the fishery industry has emerged as a dynamic export-oriented sector, generating substantial foreign exchange earnings. "Ministers Admit Handling of Tsunami Crisis Caused Suffering - Radio Sweden", "Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Center | Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System | What is IOTWS", National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "United Nations: World Food Programme: Report on the Tsunami Crisis", "The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster", "The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of the 'Quad', "The international humanitarian system and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunamis", "15 tsunami aid staff executed in Sri Lanka", "Book Review: The Killing Sea by Richard Lewis", M9.1 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake & Tsunami, 2004, Asian Tsunami Anniversary Thailand Tsunami Then and Now Comparison Series, Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on India, International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission, Yemen Relief and Reconstruction Foundation, Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks, United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami&oldid=1140970089, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, All Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed, Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed from September 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1530m (4998ft) on the west coast of Aceh, 612m (2039ft) on the Banda Aceh coast, 36m (9.819.7ft) on the north coast of, 3m (9.8ft) on the opposite side of the coast of Weh Island facing the tsunami, 36m (9.819.7ft) along the west coast of Phuket island, 3m (9.8ft) along the south coast of Phuket island, 2m (6ft 7in) along the east coast of Phuket island, 5m (16ft) at Hat Praphat (Ranong Coastal Resources Research Station), 3.4m (11ft) at Kerala, inundation distance of 0.51.5km (0.310.93mi) with 250km (160mi) of coastline affected, 4.5m (15ft) at the southern coastline of Tamil Nadu, inundation distance of 0.22km (0.121.24mi) with 100km (62mi) of coastline affected, 5m (16ft) at the eastern coastline of Tamil Nadu facing tsunami source, inundation distance of 0.41.5km (0.250.93mi) with 800km (500mi) of coastline affected, 4m (13ft) at Pondicherry, inundation distance of 0.22km (0.121.24mi) with 25km (16mi) of coastline affected, 2.2m (7.2ft) at Andhra Pradesh, inundation distance of 0.21km (0.120.62mi) with 985km (612mi) of coastline affected, 5m (16ft) in maximum tsunami height with a run-up of 4.24m (13.9ft) at Chiriyatapu Beach, 5.5m (18ft) in maximum tsunami height and run-up at Corbyn's Cove Beach, 6.6m (22ft) in maximum tsunami height and run-up of 4.63m (15.2ft) at Wandoor Beach, 1.5m (4ft 11in) at Diglipur and Rangat at North Andaman Island, 1012m (3339ft) high at Malacca (in Car Nicobar Island) and at Hut Bay on, 3m (9.8ft) high at Port Blair on South Andaman Island, 1.32.4m (4ft 3in 7ft 10in) at North Male Atoll, Male Island, 2m (6ft 7in) at North Male Atoll, Huhule Island, 1.72.8m (5ft 7in 9ft 2in) at South Male Atoll, Embudhu Finothu, 2.53.3m (8ft 2in 10ft 10in) at Laamu Atoll, Fonadhoo Island, 2.22.9m (7ft 3in 9ft 6in) at Laamu Atoll, Gan Island, 2.33m (7ft 7in 9ft 10in) at North Male Atoll, Dhiffushi Island, 2.22.4m (7ft 3in 7ft 10in) at North Male Atoll, Huraa Island, more than 1.5m (4ft 11in) at North Male Atoll, Kuda Huraa Island, 0.62.3m (2ft 0in 7ft 7in) around the Ayeyarwady delta, Paint the Sky with Stars, Selected Poetry in Remembrance of the Boxing Day Tsunami 2004 (2005) edited by, This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 18:17.
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