Parliamentary democracy is the same as semi-presidential but has heads of state which are not popularly elected for a fixed term, typically either monarchs or officials not chosen by popular elections. President Vladimir Putin is currently serving his fourth term as President of Russia. [97], The Middle East was decolonized during the Cold War, and many nationalist movements gained strength post-independence. Just like a dictatorship, an autocracy is a government headed by a single ruler (the autocrat) whose decisions are not subject to legal restraints and who exercises unlimited and undisputed power. Its goal is to force compliance by demobilizing or annihilating actors of opposition. [26] Ruling parties in one-party dictatorships are distinct from political parties that were created to serve a dictator in that the ruling party in a one-party dictatorship permeates every level of society. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. Dictatorship Countries And Their Leaders | Countries Ruled by Dictators | 2019 Rankings On Time 1.62K subscribers 95K views 3 years ago Dictatorship Countries And Their Leaders | Countries Ruled. Marxist one-party states are sometimes distinguished from other one-party states, but they function similarly. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. Cuba - Dictatorship 5. Hybrid dictatorships blend elements of the other four types. [9] Political philosopher Hannah Arendt describes totalitarianism as a new and extreme form of dictatorship composed of "atomized, isolated individuals" in which ideology plays a leading role in defining how the entire society should be organized. The totalitarian dictatorship of Adolf Hitler in Germany , from 1933 to 1945. [2] The inner circle's support is necessary for a dictator's orders to be carried out, causing elites to serve as a check on the dictator's power. The 10 most capitalist nations in the world Samantha Menzies 22 February 2016, 7:39 pm The 10 most capitalist nations in the world Capitalism is thriving in many parts of the world, with the list. Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. [133] A dictator may negotiate the end of a regime if it has lost legitimacy or if a violent removal seems likely. Epidemic of First World War After the first world war, countries got disturbed to conduct democratic governments and managements. (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009). [124], The type of economy in a dictatorship can affect how it functions. This is a list of famous examples of fascism across history. [82], Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party created a second fascist dictatorship in Germany in 1933,[83] obtaining absolute power through a combination of electoral victory, violence, and emergency powers. People living under a dictatorship are often persecuted for unethical reasons, including their religion, sexual orientation, or economic status. Rodrigo Duterte (Philippines) Rodrigo Roa Duterte is the legally, directly-elected President of the Philippines and leading member of the PDP-Laban party. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images. W; Alphabetical list of countries; Alphabetical list of countries. For example, DD could classify a country which has a legislative assembly whose official name is "the parliament" but still classify it in any of the three categories. Latin America's new generation of dictators. Parties that take power through violence are often able to implement larger changes in a shorter period of time. [116] Dictatorships in the Middle East are primarily guided by Islamic nationalism. Single-party dictatorships are one-party states in which only the party in power is legalized and all opposition parties are banned. Politics in a dictatorship are controlled by the dictator and facilitated through an inner circle of elites that include advisers, generals, and other high-ranking officials. If the head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term then, the democracy is mixed or semi-presidential. Exceptions to the pattern of poverty in dictatorships include oil-rich Middle Eastern dictatorships and the East Asian Tigers during their periods of dictatorship. The table below offers a full list of which countries are what type of democracy. Over the course of almost 20 years, he ruled Chile with an iron fist, ordering the deaths of thousands of suspected . Qatar - Sheikh Hamad Bin Jassim Bin Jabr Al-Thani Russia - Vladimir Putin, President of Russia Rwanda - Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda Saudi Arabia - King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz, King of Saudi Arabia Somalia - Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, President of Somalia South Sudan - Salva Kiir Mayardit, President [72] The societal upheaval caused by World War I and the unstable peace it produced further contributed to instability that benefited extremist movements and rallied support for their causes. 1. Therefore, it is impossible to know if the regime is a democracy or a dictatorship, so DD Index considers them dictatorships until an alternation in power occurs. [citation needed]The typical military dictatorship in Latin America was ruled by a junta (derived from a Spanish word . Countries that start with: Other factors associated with military coups include extensive natural resources, limited use of the military internationally, and use of the military as an oppressive force domestically. The result is that such regimes have no internal checks and balances, and are thus unrestrained when exerting repression on their people, making radical shifts in foreign policy, or starting wars with other countries. Its purpose is to collect information, mobilize society, and induce compliance with the dictatorships directives. [60] During the L dynasty of Vietnam between the 16th and 18th centuries, the country was under de facto military rule by two rival military families: the Trnh lords in the north and the Nguyn lords in the south. [8]:457 Elected heads of state are usually referred to as "president." Therefore, the entire country operates on the whims of that one person. [87], The decolonisation of Africa prompted the creation of new governments, many of which became dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s. While autocratic countries are not always malevolent, they often still encounter resistance from citizens who would prefer to have a greater say in the government's policy-making process. Dictatorships that fail to repress the opposition are susceptible to collapse through a coup or a revolution. [22], Military dictatorships are typically formed by a military coup in which senior officers use the military to overthrow the government. [8]:455 Some countries (such as Spain, Belgium, Germany, and Israel) require that the vote of no confidence also specify who is going to replace the sitting government to minimize the time without an interim government, essentially replacing one government with another. On average, they last twice as long as military dictatorships, but not as long as one-party dictatorships. [71] The aftermath of World War I resulted in a major shift in European politics, establishing new governments, facilitating internal change in older governments, and redrawing the boundaries between countries, allowing opportunities for these movements to seize power. [31], Personalist dictatorships are regimes in which all power lies in the hands of a single individual. [20][21] They are most common in developing nations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In fact, you may devise any chart you like concerning politics or anything else and label left and right however you choose. Negative effects include the unraveling of social organizations and democratic institutions and the prohibition of other political parties. Based on a "minimalist" theory of democracy, the index relies on rules regarding the existence of competitive elections. The number of countries ruled by military dictatorships began to fall sharply after the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s. Elections also support the legitimacy of a dictatorship by presenting the image of a democracy, establishing plausible deniability of its status as a dictatorship for both the populace and foreign governments. [99] A 1953 coup overseen by the American and British governments restored Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as the absolute monarch of Iran, who in turn was overthrown during the Iranian Revolution of 1979 that established Ruhollah Khomeini as the Supreme Leader of Iran under an Islamist government. [4] Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the present year. Modern dictatorships first developed in the 19th century, which included Bonapartism in Europe and caudillos in Latin America. However, a political rights score of 6 or 7 corresponds most closely with our definition of dictatorship, based on Freedom House's characterization: 6 Countries and territories with a rating of 6 have very restricted political rights. Current dictatorships include Zimbabwe, Uzbekistan, and North Korea. Mussolini abolished democracy in Italy in 1922 and became a dictator. [80] Italian dictator Benito Mussolini seized power in 1922, and began implementing reforms in 1925 to create the first fascist dictatorship. Repression can encompass actual or threatened physical violence such as arrests, assassinations, torture, beatings, disappearances, mass killings, and forced exile. The territory of today's Algeria was the home of many prehistoric cultures, including Aterian and Capsian and the, Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country in Southern Africa. Nearly half of dictatorships start as a military coup, though others have been started by foreign intervention, elected officials ending competitive elections, insurgent takeovers, popular uprisings by citizens, or legal maneuvering by autocratic elites to take power within their government. Military dictators may also be less trusting or diplomatic and underestimate the use of bargaining and compromise in politics. In personalist dictatorships, the elite corps are usually made up of close friends or family members of the dictator, who typically handpicks these individuals to serve their posts. The DD index first classifies the regimes into two types: democracies and dictatorships. The predominance of violent force in military training manifests in an acceptance of violence as a political tool and the ability to organize violence on a large scale. As of 2020, there are 52 nations with a dictator or authoritarian regime ruling the country: Three in Latin America and South America, 27 in Asia and the Middle East, and 22 in Africa. [130] One-party dictatorships are generally more stable and last longer than military or personalist dictatorships. Francois Duvalier (1907 - 1971) The Haitian dictator, also known as Papa Doc, governed the Americas' poorest country from 1957 to he died in 1971. Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, and Palestine are the only democratic nations in the region, with Israel being the only nation in this region that affords broad political liberties to its citizens. But to understand the dictatorship in Cuba . (Dictator of Italy and Principal Founder of Fascism Who Was Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943.) Parties formed after the seizure of power often have little influence and only exist to serve the dictator. [61] In Europe, the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell, formed in 1649 after the Second English Civil War, has been described as a military dictatorship by its contemporary opponents and by some modern academics. In the last six years alone, at least 26 African countries have experienced transfers of power. His economic plans have been praised by leaders like Kemal Pasha. One person holds all of the country's power. "Tyrants, the World's 20 Worst Living Dictators", by David Wallechinsky, ranked Biya together with three others mainly in sub-Saharan Africa: Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea, and King Mswati of Swaziland. Adolf Hitler - 1889-1945. [45] Although, when it comes to polling and elections a dictator could use his power to override private preferences. Teodoro Obiang Nguesma Mbasogo overthrew his uncle Macias in 1979 in a bloody coup. Multiple political parties may exist, but one dominates the government, makes all the rules, is free to disseminate propaganda, and controls every aspect of every election (which may offer voters only a single candidate), thereby ensuring they win every time. A presidential democracy has a government that does not need the majority support of a legislature to stay in power. Modern Dictatorships Between 1919 and 1939 there was a great reaction against democracy and dictatorship was established in many countries of the world. A political rival accused Obiang of cannibalism in 2004, but no evidence to support the claim has ever surfaced. Given the degree of censorship and control China's government leverages over its citizens, most political experts would call it a dictatorship. [56] At least 85 such dictators were chosen over the course of the Roman Republic, the last of which was chosen to wage the Second Punic War. Syria - Well, it depends. North Korea - One man Dictatorship 2. [141] Should a dictatorship fail, elections also permit dictators and elites to accept defeat without fearing violent recourse. He responded by ordering the confiscation of food, impossible farming yield quotas, banning private farming for substenance, and introducing internal passports and residency permits, which prevented villagers from seeking food elsewhere. Typically, dictators rise to power when a nation faces significant social issues, such as strong economic crises or unrest among the nation's people. [38] Due to the lack of accountability and the smaller group of elites, personalist dictatorships are more prone to corruption than other forms of dictatorship,[39] and they are more repressive than other forms of dictatorship. In addition to executive authority, Putin also holds judicial and legislative power, which enables him to change the law to fit his agenda. 5. [54], Asia saw several military dictatorships during the post-classical era. A personalist dictator will manage these appointees by segmenting the government so that they cannot collaborate. Monarchies: 3. China's constitution calls its government a "people's democratic dictatorship." Keep note that the head of state, chief executive, government, and legislatures can have their official names be seemingly contradictory to this classification. Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) Pol Pot (1925-1998) Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945) Saddam Hussein (1937-2006) Idi Amin (1952-2003) Is Venezuela a dictatorship? Unfortunately, democracy is still shaky in many countries, a number of which are fighting violent religious insurrections, and the likelihood of any fallen dictator being quickly replaced by another dictator is high. [118] Generally, two research approaches exist: the minimalist approach, which focuses on whether a country has continued elections that are competitive, and the substantive approach, which expands the concept of democracy to include human rights, freedom of the press, and the rule of law. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator.Politics in a dictatorship are controlled by the dictator and facilitated through an inner circle of elites that include advisers, generals, and other high-ranking officials. They differ from other forms of dictatorships in that the dictator has greater access to key political positions and the government's treasury, and they are more commonly subject to the discretion of the dictator. [5] This is particularly true when the inner circle is made up of military officers that have the resources to carry out a military coup. 1. Kim Il-Sung The first leader of the North Korean dictatorship from 1948 until 1994, he established North Korea as a communist state. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. [145] Opposition parties in dictatorships may be restricted by preventing them from campaigning, banning more popular opposition parties, preventing opposition members from forming a party, or requiring that candidates be a member of the ruling party. He was also ranked 19th in Parade Magazine's Top 20 list of "The World's Worst Dictators". Although it is true that some dictators are far more strict and overbearing than others, as a rule, dictatorships tend to result in a loss of personal autonomy, quality of life, and political choice for everyday citizens. [62][63][64] Maximilien Robespierre has been similarly described as a dictator while he controlled the National Convention in France and carried out the Reign of Terror in 1793 and 1794. [98], During World War II, many countries of Central and Eastern Europe had been occupied by the Soviet Union. Cinhil Aymeric Nygel Haldane, 22nd king of Gwynedd who shortly reigned in 1025. Zimbabwe - 1980 to present - Robert Mugabe. [69], In the time between World War I and World War II, several dictatorships were established in Europe through coups which were carried out by far-left and far-right movements. This may sound like a contradiction of terms to many people. In Germany, the head of state is elected by regional legislatures and not popularly elected. Many dictatorships are also characterized by corruption, nepotism, and a cult of personality around the leader. [142] Dictatorships may influence the results of an election through electoral fraud, intimidation or bribing of candidates and voters, use of state resources such as media control, manipulation of electoral laws, restricting who may run as a candidate, or disenfranchising demographics that may oppose the dictatorship. Current Heads of State & Dictators - Planet Rulers, President Faustin Archange Touadera of the, President Flix Tshilombo Tshisekedi of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, President Denis Sassou Nguesso of the Republic of the Congo, President Teodoro Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea, President Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan of. in Turkey, Kamal Pasha, established his dictatorship in 1921 and he remained in power till his death in 1938. Dictatorships frequently hold elections in order to establish their legitimacy or provide incentives to members of the ruling party, but these elections are not competitive for the opposition. Uganda - 1971 to 1979 - Idi Amin Dada. [8], Totalitarianism is a variation of dictatorship characterized by the presence of a single political party and more specifically, by a powerful leader who imposes personal and political prominence. Types. The People's Republic of China is currently ruled by President Xi Jinping, who also serves as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Chairman of the Central Military Commission, the country's Vice President, the President of the Central Party School, and the 1st ranked member of the CPC Politburo Standing Committee. Due to it, the countries went towards dictatorship. United Arab Emirates 2.69/10. Today, there are only five communist states, some of which are struggling to hold on to communism. [1]:71. Stability can be weakened when opposition groups grow and unify or when elites are not loyal to the regime. Myanmar has been thrown into the darkness of the military dictatorship once again as this morning, the military junta arrested "The daughter of democracy" Aung San Suu Kyi and reinstated the military rule. Also called a dominant party dictatorship or one-party state. [23] Military coups do not necessarily result in military dictatorships, as power may then be passed to an individual or the military may allow democratic elections to take place. Democracies are classified by the rules in which executives can be appointed or removed and can be either presidential, mixed or semi-presidential, or parliamentary. The Democracy-Dictatorship Index has the main regime types of "democracy" and "dictatorship" and three sub-types for each as well. Military dictatorships are more prone to conflict due to the inherent military strength associated with such a regime, and personalist dictatorships are more prone to conflict due to the weaker institutions to check the dictator's power. Current dictatorships include Russia, Equatorial New Guinea, and North Korea. 1. What countries are currently ruled by dictatorships? The government was described as a dictatorship of the proletariat in which power was exercised by soviets. This list details eight of the world's current dictators and the poverty rates associated with each country. 1. Africa has several long-standing dictators despite the fact that the continent as a whole is quite volatile politically. One of the reasons for this is the fact that the military often has more cohesion and institutional structure than most of the civilian institutions of society. [26], A dictatorship may fall because of a military coup, foreign intervention, negotiation, or popular revolution. [143], In the 20th century, most dictatorships held elections in which voters could only choose to support the dictatorship, with only one-quarter of partisan dictatorships permitting opposition candidates to participate. They are often unstable, and the average duration of a military dictatorship is only five years, but they are often followed by additional military coups and military dictatorships. 2. Those who believe that he is a dictator argue that he imprisons his opponents, removed freedom of speechthe press can only publish what he allows them toand has restructured the government to give himself more and longer-lasting power. When necessary, a dictator may also make an effort to replace or amend the nation's constitution to empower, enrich, or otherwise benefit the dictator and his/her allies to a greater degree. Miguel Daz-Canel, the son of Ral Castro who replaced him as president of Cuba, has kept the dictatorship structure in place that was established by Fidel Castro during the Cuban revolution. Since 1945 Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East have been common areas for all military dictatorships. The terms "autocrat" and "autocracy" are often used interchangeably with "dictator" and "dictatorship". [81] These reforms incorporated totalitarianism, fealty to the state, expansionism, corporatism, and anti-communism. [148], Terrorism is less common in dictatorships. Also, dictatorships . The 2010 version of Polity data series covers 189 countries from 1800 to 2009. [85] After being defeated in World War II, the far-right dictatorships of Europe collapsed, with the exceptions of Spain and Portugal. The Soviet economy became unsustainable, and communist governments lost the support of intellectuals. Early African dictatorships were primarily personalist socialist dictatorships, in which a single socialist would take power instead of a ruling party. [8]:465 Some countries, such as Greece and Bulgaria, stipulate who the head of state chooses as head of government. [32], One-party dictatorships became prominent in Asia and Eastern Europe during the Cold War as communist governments were installed in several countries. [137] In the 21st century, dictatorships have moved toward greater integration with the global community and increasingly attempt to present themselves as democratic. There are many countries that can be considered dictatorships, including North Korea, Cuba, and Venezuela. More complex economies require additional cooperation between the dictator and other groups. They may be military officers, party members, or friends and family of the dictator. [1]:70. The authors acknowledged that the last rule is more complicated to implement, but stated that it helps researchers to control potential errors and removes subjective judgement from the classification. [27] One-party rule also developed in several countries in Africa during decolonization in the 1960s and 1970s, some of which produced authoritarian regimes. Among Africans past and present, you'll find a smattering of dictatorships. Some of the principal drivers of indoctrination are mass education policies, propaganda, and censorship. Hybrid dictatorships are regimes that have a combination of these classifications. Ruling parties allow a dictatorship to more broadly influence the populace and facilitate political agreement between party elites. In practice, it is often defined as people choosing their leaders in free and fair elections. This list answers the questions, "What countries are dictatorships?" This is a list of countries, nations, and states governed or ruled by a dictatorship, is sorted alphabetically and contains some information about each nation, such as the capital, and even the official language or currency of the country. The earliest military dictatorships developed in the post-classical era, particularly in Shogun-era Japan and in England under Cromwell. Communist dictatorships in the region aligned with China following the latter's establishment as a communist state. Members of the group will typically make up the elites in a dictator's inner circle at the beginning of a new dictatorship, though the dictator may remove them as a means to gain additional power. A dictator that has concentrated significant power is more likely to be exiled, imprisoned, or killed after ouster, and accordingly they are more likely to refuse negotiation and cling to power. Dictatorships seem much more extreme and unethical to people who enjoy the privilege of an outside perspective. While the People's Republic of China was initially aligned with the Soviet Union, relations between the two countries deteriorated as the Soviet Union underwent de-Stalinization in the late-1950s. [8]:457, The DD dataset is limited to 199 countries after 1946, whereas Boix, Miller, & Rosato, 2013 proposed a data set from 1800 to 2007, covering 219 countries. Power is obtained and passed on through family connections. Click to visit dictatorship | Definition, Characteristics, Countries The relations between the countries were strained by Soviet attempts to influence Yugoslavia, leading to the TitoStalin split in 1948. The 20th century also saw the rise of personalist dictatorships in Africa and military dictatorships in Latin America, both of which became prominent in the 1960s and 1970s. President Obiang gained power in 1979 after ousting his uncle, Francisco Macas Nguema, and sentencing him to death by firing squad. The premise of the "people's democratic dictatorship" is that the Chinese Party of China and the state represent and act on behalf of the people, but possess and may use powers against reactionary forces. Like right-wing, it is not a copyrighted term. [24], Military dictatorships often have traits in common due to the shared background of military dictators. [33] A ruling party in a one-party dictatorship may rule under any ideology or it may have no guiding ideology. Many of these governments fell under the control of caudillos, or personalist dictators. [111][112][113] Latin America saw a period of liberalization similar to that of Europe at the end of the Cold War, with Cuba being the only Latin American country that did not experience any degree of liberalization between 1992 and 2010. [73], The first communist state was created by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks with the establishment of Soviet Russia during the Russian Revolution in 1917. Nations with a legacy of military dictatorship (s) In Africa Algeria (1965-1994) Burkina Faso (1966-1991) Burundi (1966-1993) Central African Republic (1966-1993) Chad (1975-1991) Congo-Brazzaville (1968-1992) Equatorial Guinea (1968-1982) Ethiopia (1974-1991) Gambia, The (1994-1997) Guinea (1984-1991) Ghana (1966-1969; 1972-1979; 1981-1993) Terrible things have been done in the name of socialism and here are some of the most rigorous dictators. Totalitarianism is a form of autocracy in which the state has total control over its citizens. The legislature must be popularly elected. [98] Several Middle Eastern countries were the subject of military coups in the 1950s and 1960s, including Iraq, Syria, North Yemen, and South Yemen. This type of vote is termed a constructive vote of no confidence.
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