d. displacement. a. tertiary
b. mutual-help
c. cognitive-behavioral
d. integrative behavioral. 78. That is the idea, at least. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. c. take responsibility for harmful behavioral patterns. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. None of the models are complete within themselves. b. increase feelings of gratitude and decrease feelings of fear.
Chapter 14 Flashcards | Chegg.com A person has a recurring dream of losing her dog. b. operant conditioning. a. sharing advice
b. analyzing dreams
c. developing insights
d. building social skills. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. 129. 76. c. insert RNA into genes. d. discounted the concept of abnormality and focused on acceptance. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that:
a. some people do not benefit from drug treatments. Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. One option to treat severe mental illness is psychotropic medications. 158. c. deep brain stimulation. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. 3. b. secondary prevention. They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. Despite Freuds generalization, his theory was based on only a few patients.
Biological Treatments for Psychological Abnormalities According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. The neural impulse proceeds across the following steps: Lets look at the electrical portion of the process in another way and add some detail. 162. Biological theorists view abnormal behavior as a(n):
a. illness. Notice that preconditioning has both an A and a B panel. The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition. 92. Models aid us with doing all of this. The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. Elevated levels of this hormone can lead to several problems, including increased weight gain, interference with learning and memory, reduced bone density, high cholesterol, and an increased risk of depression. Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. Neurotransmitters. Our life instincts, or Eros, are manifested through it and are the creative forces that sustain life. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. Flooding and desensitization are typical respondent conditioning procedures used with phobias, and modeling arises from social learning theory and observational learning. 27. After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). Since then, I haven't been able to swim in a lake. 91. Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. b. modeling. d. caution the patient against using religious-based counseling services. According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. d. try to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts. Module Overview. b. the role that biology plays in psychological functioning. Secondary or conditioned reinforcers and punishers are not inherently reinforcing or punishing but must be learned. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. 31. According to cognition-focused therapists, which is a factor in abnormal behavior? A) The humanistic-existential model B) The family-social perspective C) The cognitive model D) The psychodynamic model B The model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the _____ model. b. focusing on the here and now. c. irrational patterns of thinking. The structure of personality. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. d. existential. 116. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. b. repression. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not naturally strive to reach their full growth potential. c. psychoanalytic theory. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. Hormonal imbalances. 2.3.2.2. 17. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didn't know the answers to many of the questions. c. existential
What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? Examples of secondary punishers include a ticket for speeding, losing television or video game privileges, ridicule, or a fee for paying your rent or credit card bill late. d. development of sociopathic tendencies. 2.2.3.2. There is no need to learn it again, as in the case of primary reinforcers and punishers in operant conditioning. 154. 12.
It handles the CNSs input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. d. synapses. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. But did you ever go to your grandparents house and grandma or grandpaor worse, BOTHtook pity on you and let you play your video games (or something equivalent)? Freud believed that the id is fueled by:
a. self-preservation. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. c. who believe in a higher being are the healthiest. Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. Attributions and cognitive errors. These are the same four discussed under respondent conditioning. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT:
a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. The second major CBT strategy is called cognitive coping skills training. Whenever she has to attend a party, she only speaks to people she knows well. d. cognitive. d. flight of ideas. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people:
a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. They are sexual in nature. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. a. Sociocultural; biological
b. Psychodynamic; existential
c. Humanistic; cognitive-behavioral
d. Cognitive-behavioral; psychodynamic. 32. a. cognitive
b. humanistic
c. psychodynamic
d. rational emotive. d. It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. The fundamental attribution error occurs when we automatically assume a dispositional reason for another persons actions and ignore situational factors. b. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e., there is thought to be a physical cause.. 33. And then we return to resting potential, as you saw in Figure 2.4. This person is an A student but does not like being right under the nose of the professor, especially if he/she tends to spit when lecturing. b. cognitive-behavioral
According to the behavioral model, Dontrall acquired this perspective through the process of:
a. modeling. What happened to that bad behavior that had disappeared? Her therapy is MOST likely:
a. gestalt therapy. The nervous system moves quickly with nerve impulses moving in a few hundredths of a second. If a behavior is not memorable, it will not be imitated. Before introducing the current main models, it is crucial to understand what a model is. Children who watched the aggressive model behaved aggressively with the Bobo doll while those who saw the gentle model, played nice. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. b. cognitive-behavioral
Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. Another example is how a baby will root for a food source if the mothers breast is placed near their mouth. Anti-anxiety medications help with the symptoms of anxiety and include benzodiazepines such as Clonazepam, Alprazolam, and Lorazepam. c. psychodynamic
Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. Consider hunger, and the associated rumbling of our stomach, fatigue, lack of energy, etc., that motivates us to find and eat food. 19. Uni-dimensional models alone are too simplistic to explain the etiology of mental disorders fully. Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to:
a. increase positive self-talk and decrease risk taking. a. a persons moral compass
b. the prefrontal cortex
c. a persons libido
d. ego defense mechanisms. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention?
Which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. This is an example of:
a. shaping. The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes:
a. challenging irrational cognitions. Notice how the line has dropped below -70mV. b. ego. Clarify how multicultural factors affect mental illness. Masons parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? c. social networks. Couples treated by couple therapy seem to show greater improvement than couples who do not receive treatment. Hence, they experience conditional positive regard. a. long-term memory
b. numerical and spatial reasoning
c. autonomic nervous system functioning
d. feelings of social connectedness among teens, 105. 2.2.3.1. 61. b. negative transference. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. d. Freud. What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members.
b. c. They explain outside influences and past events. Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? b. good long-term prognoses. d. client-centered therapy. d. only one factorstress or predispositionis necessary for abnormality to occur. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). b. hypotheses. It consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. a. working through
b. exposure therapy
c. role playing
d. family therapy. It begins with the individual learning a relaxation technique such as diaphragmatic breathing. d. propositions. Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? c. There is a decreasing need for couple therapy based on current divorce rates. The major multidimensional model that is useful in understanding the causes of mental disorders is usually called the biopsychosocial model (BPS). A patient has social anxiety disorder. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. b. laissez-faire parenting style. b. ethnographic studies. d. psychodynamic. Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. c. superego. b. d. sociocultural. 104. d. quaternary prevention. Bacterial and viral infections. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? This newer type of cognitive-behavioral therapy emphasizes recognizing problematic thoughts as thoughts rather than judging them, acting on them, or fruitlessly trying to change them. b. axons. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. This is where assessing information about others comes in and involves the cognitive process of perception, or adding meaning to raw sensory data. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. b. biological. 16. They were more likely to have suspect genetic variation at the same four chromosomal sites. a. cognitive-behavioral
How do socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors affect mental illness and its treatment? 112. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT:
a. resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. You have likely heard about Pavlov and his dogs, but what you may not know is that this was a discovery made accidentally. In other words, we assume the person who cut us off is an idiot (dispositional) and do not consider that maybe someone in the car is severely injured and this person is rushing them to the hospital (situational). Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. b. prevention. Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. 2.3.1.1. c. cognitive-behavioral
The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the _____ model. There are two forms: classical conditioning, or linking together two types of stimuli, and operant conditioning, or linking together a response with its consequence. d. catharsis. c. Two-thirds of treated couples achieve marital satisfaction by the end of therapy. This is called the. Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. d. researching the effectiveness of the therapy. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship. Once collected or sensed (sensation is the cognitive process of detecting the physical energy given off or emitted by physical objects), the information is sent to the brain through the neural impulse. 93. The actual code passes from one neuron to another in a chemical form called a neurotransmitter. Evaluating the cognitive model. Why? She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. 143. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. This approach stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. 149.
Medical Model of Mental Health in Psychology According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. b. She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. c. maintenance. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? c. the conscious mind. 164. c. abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress. Clarify how environmental factors affect mental illness. 94. As you can learn desirable behaviors such as watching how your father bags groceries at the grocery store (I did this and still bag the same way today), you can learn undesirable ones too. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as:
a. improving the clients interactions with others. Amelia has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. The second part of personality emerges after birth with early formative experiences and is called the ego. Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. c. extended psychoanalytic therapy.
What Is Abnormal Psychology? Definition and Topics - Verywell Mind A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. In the case of men. 50. c. ego.
PSYCH205-FinalExam-Answers This is called observational learning and is contrasted with enactive learning, which is learning by doing. Then there is the self-serving bias, which is when we attribute our success to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external causes (situational). 36. That is why a person inherits a susceptibility to a mental illness and doesnt necessarily develop the illness. 59. Social Sciences; Psychology; Psychology questions and answers; which statement about catergorical vs dimensions models of abnormal behavior is true?A categorial models capture the complexity of mental disorders btter than dimensional modelsB Dimensional models better reflect nature/ reality of disorders than categorial onesC Catergorial models capture the severitu of mental disorders while . Does extinction happen as soon as the anticipated reinforcer is removed? What is that factor? 13. d. classical conditioning. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to:
a. cognition-focused therapists. In the case of respondent conditioning, stimuli exert complete and automatic control over some behaviors. a. low activity of GABA
b. absence of dopamine
c. low activity of serotonin
d. excessive activity of norepinephrine. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. c. result of childhood trauma. b. ones values and goals. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. Malnutrition before birth, exposure to viruses, and other psychosocial factors are potential causes of schizophrenia. c. resistance. A perfect run will not be possible because "I'm going to screw up!" a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. 151. a. Perls. c. role-playing. Through their training and their professional activities, clinical psychologists become very familiar with the definitions of various forms of abnormal behavior and the ways it differs from normal behavior. This shows the recent belief that the key to psychological disorders lies in:
a. specific brain structures. Albert Bandura conducted pivotal research on observational learning, and you likely already know all about it. d. behavioral. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. b. social factors leading to stress. c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Electroconvulsive therapy. c. transference. During the time-out, no one interacts with the child. a. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. d. ego ideal. Which type of theorist would focus on the athletes illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? This approach to learning was called connectionism. 157. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. The neuron next moves into a relative refractory period, meaning it can fire but needs higher than normal levels of stimulation. Chapter Recap. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of:
a. schizophrenia. The earlier that treatment begins, the more effective it can be., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/men-and-mental-health/index.shtml, In relation to women: Some disorders are more common in women such as depression and anxiety. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. They can be identified, treated, and monitored by observing and identifying physiological signs. But women may experience these illnesses differently certain symptoms may be more common in women than in men, and the course of the illness can be affected by the sex of the individual. a. What exactly are some of the neurotransmitters which are so critical for neural transmission, and are essential to our discussion of psychopathology? 2.3.3.6. d. the way in which the mental health profession is moving. This begs the question of how we can really know that they exist. So, if you were afraid of clowns, you would be thrown into a room full of clowns. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from:
a. unresolved intrapsychic conflict.
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